Which of the following can lead to disputes regarding attorney-client privilege?

Disputes between parties in the professional relationship can lead to complications regarding attorney-client privilege because the very nature of the attorney-client relationship includes an expectation of confidentiality that may be challenged if a dispute arises. When disagreements occur—such as over the actions taken by the lawyer, the advice given, or the client's decisions—there may be questions about whether certain communications should remain privileged.

If a client decides to sue their attorney or if there's a disagreement about fees, for example, the attorney may be compelled to disclose certain communications to defend themselves, which could create a situation where the privilege is contested.

In contrast, issues related to payment of services, communications meant for mutual benefit, and communications occurring after the termination of service do not as directly invoke the specific tensions of disputes that can jeopardize the privilege. Much depends on context and specific legal interpretations concerning the professional relationship and the expectations of confidentiality that underpin attorney-client privilege.